The brain isn’t the only place where MS lesions can develop — the disease can also attack the spinal cord, which can result in an increased risk of disability.

Where m musc is the muscle mass, σ is the maximum tension developed in the muscle fibers, cos(αo) is the cosine of the pennation angle at fiber length, ρ is the density of the muscle tissue and ℓo is ...

Objective A comparison of cryoneurolysis or radio frequency (RF) with placebo in patients with facetogenic chronic low back pain (LBP) for patient global impression of change (PGIC), pain intensity, ...

Objectives To investigate the incidence, distribution and radiological characteristics of dural ossification (DO) associated with ossification of ligamentum flavum (OLF) in the thoracic spine. Design ...

Discover the single best exercise for each major muscle group, backed by science, to optimize your workouts and spark debate.

Advancements in Spine Surgery. Season 2025 Episode 3911 | 28m 1s Video has Closed Captions | CC. Guest: Dr. Micah Smith (Orthopedic Surgeon). Aired 06/03/2025 ...

Anatomy of the spine The spinal column, also called the vertebral or spinal canal, is made up of 33 vertebrae that are separated by spongy disks and classified into distinct areas. The cervical area ...

While hyperkyphosis most commonly occurs as a pathologic condition in the thoracic spine (mid-back), it can occur in the cervical or lumbar spine (lower back) as well. Hyperkyphosis is sometimes also ...

The curves of the spine. The spine is not perfectly straight; it has natural curves. If you were looking at the spine from the side, you would see that it is curved like an elongated 'S'. These ...

The vertebrae of the thoracic spine have a particular anatomy that differentiates them from the vertebrae of the other spinal segments. ... ribs are posteriorly articulated by their costal facets and ...