Cigarette smoke comprises over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and heavy metals such as cadmium.

However, these compensatory mechanisms lead to sodium retention, impaired solute-free water excretion and renal vasoconstriction, ultimately resulting in reduced renal blood flow. Credit must be ...

Effective renal plasma flow was severely decreased to 30% of normal due to severe renal vasoconstriction. Glomerular filtration rate was reduced to a lesser extent, suggesting greater efferent ...

and vasoconstriction during mental stress. By allotting 0 to 3 points for each quartile of increasing abnormality for each of the 3 reactivity responses and summing quartile points from the Mental ...

[1] Furthermore, it has been suggested that calcium antagonists may offer protection from graft failure in renal transplant recipients and that they may slow the development of coronary vascular ...