11 July was the bicentenary of an Ottoman firman appointing Mehmed Ali (more commonly transliterated from Arabic as Muhammad ... Egypt forty years earlier from a remote corner of the Ottoman ...

Ottoman sovereignty over the Muslim holy city of Mecca began in 1517 after the conquest of the Mamluk Empire under Sultan ... vassal and ruler of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, went to war against ...

For much of his career, boxing great Muhammad ... decline, then begin to recover until he’d fight again — then it would go back down.” By 1977, Pacheco was so concerned about Ali’s ...

An obituary by Lord Eversley, who wrote the widely read book, The Turkish Empire, on the decline ... Ottoman territory ceded to the Russians. The French occupied Tunisia in 1881 and the British in ...

In the words of a Venetian diplomat of the time, the Ottoman emperor was “rich in ... the second most powerful man in the empire. The upstart Albanian Christian was only 27.