Any management system within an organization can be said to be "open" or "closed." An open systems interacts with other systems through the free passing of information, whereas closed systems operate ...

At first, a small-business owner typically juggles everything. If all goes well, the company grows, finally demanding organization. Somehow all its parts must be arranged to work as a unified whole -- ...

This paper develops and illustrates the theory of collaboration through open superposition: the process of depositing motivationally independent layers of work on top of each other over time. The ...