The advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and the study of neurobiological processes are deeply interlinked, as a ...

These considerations have spurred interest in using multi-level modulation schemes to increase storage capacities and enhance operating speeds 8). In particular, multi-level amplitude modulation ...

Pulse amplitude modulation builds upon this concept by encoding data across multiple voltage levels. PAM4 uses four levels. A PAM4 signal can appear as one of four voltages during each clock cycle, ...