The Late Paleozoic was a transformative period in Earth’s history when dramatic shifts in climate drove extensive biotic changes. Marked by the prolonged icehouse conditions of the Late ...

The Late Paleozoic epoch in South America witnessed complex interactions between tectonic forces, climatic oscillations and sedimentary processes. During this period, ...

Fig. 2 The Late Paleozoic Ice Age, major volcanic events and fusuline diversity changes from early Visean to end-Permian showing correspondence (Zhang et al., 2025) ...