Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions ... are excellent examples of predation. In its broadest sense, the term predation includes all consumption ...

Indirect effects can be defined as the impact of one organism or species on another, mediated or transmitted by a third. For example, a caterpillar may exert a direct effect on a plant by eating it.

Gardeners are often confused about what indirect light and indirect sunlight mean when situating a plant. A little filtering ...