Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

They also considered both direct and indirect exercises and the effects of these on the results. The meta-analysis included 67 studies with over 2,000 participants. Researchers categorised ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...

The total cost of federally-sponsored projects includes a combination of both direct and indirect (F&A) costs. Some examples* of indirect (F&A) costs include: CU Boulder's indirect cost rate is ...