Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) signal through FGF receptor tyrosine kinases to regulate a wide range of biological processes during development and adulthood. FGF receptors (FGFRs) are involved ...

The evolution of a disease resulting in functional changes in your body is known as pathophysiology. To understand COPD’s pathophysiology, it’s important to understand the structure of the ...

We discuss the pathophysiology of clinically stable COPD and examine the impact of acutely increased expiratory flow limitation on the compromised respiratory system. Finally, we review the chain of ...

Correspondence to: Prof. M Levin, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, UK; m.levin{at}ic.ac.uk Neisseria ...

Dr Martin Riedel, Deutsches Herzzentrum und I. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, D-80636 München, Germanym.riedel{at}dhm.mhn.de If you wish to reuse any or all of ...

While factors such as myocardial ischaemia, worsening renal function, volume overload and chronic pulmonary disease may contribute to decompensation, the primary pathophysiology in hypertensive AHF ...