Forecasting fiscal stability in municipalities is increasingly critical as public entities face unprecedented financial challenges. Recent research has adapted Altman's renowned Z-Score model — ...

Outlier Detection The z-score is used to identify outliers in a dataset. Any data point with a z-score greater than 3 or less than -3 is considered an outlier.

A strong starting point for assessing the 2025 Bitcoin cycle is the MVRV Z-Score, a trusted on-chain indicator that compares market value to realized value. After hitting 3.36 at Bitcoin’s $100,000 ...

Figure 1: MVRV Z-Score effectiveness may be reduced due to diminishing volatility. View Live Chart 🔍 Peaks in the red zone signal overvaluation, suggesting optimal profit-taking opportunities.