Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading global cause of vision impairment, with its prevalence increasing alongside the rising rates of diabetes mellitus (DM). Despite the retina’s complex structure, ...

Triamcinolone, synthesized by Bernstein, 7,8 of the Lederle Laboratories, is such a preparation. Its chemical structure is as follows: By the addition of a 16-alphahydroxyl group to 9 ...

For end-stage retinopathy, vitrectomy will also remain ... GH inhibitors, corticosteroids (triamcinolone acetonide, fluocinolone acetonide and dexamethasone), intravitreal injections of anti ...