It’s thought to be the last remaining pre-Indo-European language in western Europe. It’s believed to originate from Aquitanian, and predates the spread of Latin throughout the region.

Humans Origin of Indo-European languages traced back to 8000 years ago An analysis of related words in 161 languages suggests their shared roots lie in the Middle East – a conclusion that also ...

So the Indo-European word “dwo” became “two” in English and “zwei” (pronounced “tsvai”) in modern German. Other words starting with the “d” sound behaved similarly.

The Yamnaya brought Indo-European languages to northern and Central Europe, Dr. Heggarty argued, but they were only one part of a bigger, older expansion.

Contents List of figures -- List of maps -- List of tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: The Indo-European debate and why it matters -- Part I. The vexatious history of Indo-European studies.