Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) also gives excellent results, with a sensitivity of about 96% for detecting PFO, but this procedure is relatively difficult to perform, requiring a great deal ...

Doppler echocardiogram. This component of the echo measures how fast blood flows in your heart and blood vessels, and in which direction. It works by using sound waves, which change pitch as they ...

SAN DIEGO — Transcranial Doppler (TCD) saline studies were better than transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at identifying patent foramen ovale (PFO), even large PFOs, in patients with ...

Transesophageal echo misses 10% of PFOs.” While the ultimate goal of this publication is not to specifically promote the use of PFO closure, Tobis said, if a diagnosis of PFO-associated stroke is made ...

Transthoracic echo can be used as a first-line test, Pristipino clarified, noting that transcranial Doppler should be done afterwards if TTE is negative or equivocal. TEE should be used in all cases ...

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been linked to ischemic strokes of undetermined cause (cryptogenic strokes). PFO—a remnant of fetal circulation when the foramen ovale does not seal after birth ...