The upper esophagus is derived from branchial arches 4, 5, and 6, but the derivation of the lower esophagus is not known. The development of various elements of esophageal wall requires ...

PART 1 Oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus. GI Motility online (2006) doi:10.1038/gimo29 Published 16 May 2006. Endoscopic evaluation of esophageal motility disorders. Susan E. McCormick, M.D. and ...

The target position of the tip of the probe is the lower third of the esophagus. 1,2 In an adult patient of average size, this corresponds to a distance of approximately 40 cm from the incisors. 3 ...