Dietary supplements that contain ephedra alkaloids (sometimes called ma huang) are widely promoted and used in the United States as a means of losing weight and increasing energy. In the light of ...

The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (motor nerves, sensory nerves, cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic ganglia, and ...

The central nervous system (CNS) has been characterized as an immunologically privileged site in the past, but it should more accurately be viewed as immunologically specialized. It is probable that ...

Following decades of controversy and uncertainty, there is now sufficient empirical basis for asserting the existence of a limited set of autonomic differences among emotions. Findings of autonomic ...

The central nervous system is made up of two types of tissue: the grey matter and the white matter. The grey matter is mainly composed of neuronal cell bodies and unmyelinated axons. Axons are the ...

Anxiety can trigger digestive issues like diarrhea or constipation due to the connection between the gut and the brain, where stress hormones and neurotransmitters affect gut motility. Soothing your ...

Aug. 29, 2025 — Harvard scientists have uncovered that lithium, a naturally occurring element in the brain, may be the missing piece in understanding Alzheimer’s. Their decade-long research shows that ...

Investopedia contributors come from a range of backgrounds, and over 25 years there have been thousands of expert writers and editors who have contributed. Robert Kelly is managing director of XTS ...

Will Kenton is an expert on the economy and investing laws and regulations. He previously held senior editorial roles at Investopedia and Kapitall Wire and holds a MA in Economics from The New School ...

The spine (backbone) is the column of bones (called vertebrae), ligaments, and other tissues that run down the back from the base of the skull. The spine surrounds and protects the spinal cord, which ...

Nervous systems coordinate effectors across the body during movements. We know little about the cellular-level structure of synaptic circuits for such body-wide control. Here, we describe the ...