Mitochondria ATP Measurements Mitochondrial ATP levels were assessed with Biotracker ATP Red Live Cell Dye (SCT 045, Millipore, Sigma‐Aldrich). Cells were loaded with Mitotracker Green first (50 ...

The excessive production of oxygen free radicals can induce damage to placental trophoblast cells (58, 61), while mitochondrial dysfunction further exacerbates oxidative stress, creating a vicious ...

Explorative analyses of 48 h urine, both by 1H NMR and LC–MS metabolomic platforms, demonstrated higher urinary excretion of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates citric acid and succinic acid ...

Support energy production (malate is linked to the Krebs cycle—yes, that biology class flashback)Improve focus and cognitive function (especially threonate, which crosses the blood-brain barrier ...