Fluorescence-guided cystoscopy, using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or its hexyl ester, hexaminolevulinate 5-ALA (Hexvix® [HAL], Photocure, Oslo, Norway), improves the detection of bladder tumors ...

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health concern, necessitating the development of sensitive and reliable diagnostic methods. In this study, we propose a novel approach to ...