Abstract Background Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) is considered the first-line therapy for cervical dystonia. Objective To compare, in a randomized trial, the efficacy of treatment with BoNT-A ...

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a common cause of diarrhea in humans and animals, including pigs. Enterotoxins are important virulence factors for ETEC. Although much is known about the ...

In the vast majority of cases, they constrain and coexist with each other. However, toxins produced by some bacteria and viruses, such as cholera toxin, heat labile toxin (LT) and heat stable toxin ...

Botulinum toxin is produced by the bacteria, Clostridium botulinum. In people with pain and muscle spasms in their shoulder, it may work by blocking muscular nerve signals to the brain and ...

A study has revealed how up to 30 percent of Americans could be infected with a dangerous parasite. According to researchers at the University of California, Riverside, over 100 million Americans ...

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Gold extraction has relied on highly toxic chemicals such as cyanide and mercury, which are infamous for causing severe environmental damage.