Federated learning (FL) enables distributed model training by exchanging models rather than raw data, preserving privacy and reducing communication overhead. However, as the number of FL users grows, ...

We demonstrate calibration-free 8×8 Mach-Zehnder switches with bent directional couplers on silicon nitride, featuring a low excess loss of <0.7 dB and a low crosstalk of <-17.5 dB across a 25-nm ...