Medically reviewed by Christine L. Larsen, MD Medications, trauma, and medical conditions can lead to abnormally small pupils ...

It’s also well established that our pupils constrict when focusing on a nearby object, and dilate in response to cognitive effort or emotional arousal. As the German pupil-research pioneer Irene ...

However, it is not just light that our pupils respond to. It’s also well established that our pupils constrict when focusing on a nearby object, and dilate in response to cognitive effort or emotional ...