Athens and Sparta represented for classical thinkers distinct and opposing regimes. Democratic Athens took pride in its freedom, openness, and accomplishments in the arts and philosophy.

Something paradoxical happened at the height of hostilities between Athens and Sparta, which culminated in the devastating Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.).

Sparta won the Peloponnesian War, the 27-year-long conflict Athenian expansion brought on between 431-404 BCE, and the only event that finally dragged the Spartans into prolonged military action.

Athens and Sparta represented for classical thinkers distinct and opposing regimes. Democratic Athens took pride in its freedom, openness, and accomplishments in the arts and philosophy.

The response requires a continuing combination of Athens and Sparta. Israel and the Jewish people must continue to excel at science, technology, education, morality, and democracy.