Primary objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of spirometry together with information regarding the test for smoking cessation after 1 year in smokers over 40 years of age with a ...

Breathe in through your mouth as slowly and deeply as you can, causing the piston or ball to rise toward the top of the chamber. Hold your breath for 3–5 seconds or as long as possible. If the ...

However, in older patients, particularly those with a significant smoking history, the bronchodilator response may be marginal and the history less clear-cut. In such cases, a corticosteroid ...

A sample of 444 people will be recruited. The sample size calculation was based on assuming a level of significance of 5%, a quit rate after brief anti-smoking intervention only (control group) of ...