Operation Citadel was doomed before the first tank even moved. Soviet defenses, meticulously layered and reinforced, weren’t ...

Despite multiple strategic alternatives and credible intelligence warnings, Germany launched Operation Citadel—a massive offensive intended to encircle Soviet forces at Kursk. But flawed terrain, ...

The Battle of Kursk was a catastrophic defeat for Germany; the Wehrmacht suffered around 200,000 casualties and lost nearly 700 tanks and 1,000 aircraft. These losses were irreplaceable.