Intellectual. Physical. Social. Spiritual. Since the dawn of Chapman University, the Four Pillars have served as both a literal and symbolic foundation for the school, establishing ideals for all P… ...

MULLEN: In the book, we talk about the four pillars of reparations. [The first pillar is] who’s eligible for reparations. For us, we’re talking about Black American descendants of US slavery.

They must now follow the four key pillars, all of which are crucial to rebuilding the structures which keep most of Europe at peace. Ukraine’s defence, Europe’s safety. First, Europe needs to help ...