Workplanning usually involves a confluence of top-down and bottom-up approaches in many organizations. Some broad annual guidance is given by the CEO, with Finance providing a budget forecast based on ...

The first step to solving an intractable social problem is to understand the system in which it sits. If you don’t, you might find yourself investing in a solution that is ineffective, takes more time ...

Expert systems builders construct computer programs that capture some aspects of human problem-solving performance in a narrow domain of expertise. The narrowness and shallowness of the knowledge ...