This soup of electrons and ions is plasma-- the fourth state of matter. It was discovered by William Crookes in 1879.

News Release 7-Oct-2021 Exploring the fourth state of matter: WVU plasma physics research project earns $2.25 million in federal funding Grant and Award Announcement West Virginia University ...

The state of matter is a deceptively simple concept. It turns out that any material, no matter what it is made of, can exist in one of three forms: solid, liquid or gas. These are categories of ...

These collisions briefly produce a state of matter called a quark-gluon plasma (QGP), a soup of fundamental particles that existed microseconds after the Big Bang.

Now, scientists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and China’s Nanjing University and Peking University have discovered a new form of matter named a “chiral bose-liquid state.” ...