Any management system within an organization can be said to be "open" or "closed." An open systems interacts with other systems through the free passing of information, whereas closed systems operate ...

This paper develops and illustrates the theory of collaboration through open superposition: the process of depositing motivationally independent layers of work on top of each other over time. The ...

This paper examines the context within which Presbyterian Church (USA) leaders formally decided to prohibit the ordination of openly gay and lesbian elders, deacons, and clergy. Data from resolutions ...