I recall that for many years, the New York City Board of Education reported norm-referenced scores, and the newspaper headlines would scream that half the students in a given grade were “below ...

In contrast, the SAT and ACT are “norm-referenced” tests, forcing students’ scores into a bell curve-shaped pattern, with most students scoring in the middle and fewer students scoring at the high and ...

I recently did a peer-reviewed deep dive into Texas' test design documentation to figure out why the reported results weren't ...

Texas children’s performance on an annual reading test was basically flat from 2012 to 2021, even as the state spent billions of additional dollars on K-12 education.