One of the most important topics taught at the start of introductory physics is the idea of vectors. Students really need proficiency with them if they are to use force and momentum. Just about every ...

The quadrature processing techniques employed in spectrum analysis,computer graphics, and digital communications routinely require highspeed determination of the magnitude of a complex number (vector ...

What is a vector, and how can we use it in electrical design? According to the “IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms,” a vector quantity is “any physical quantity whose ...

Recently, I was talking about vectors. At that time, I had to stop and recall how I had been representing vectors. Ideally, I should stick with the same notation I used in Basics: Vectors and Vector ...

Measurement of signals close to the your measuring instrument’s noise floor is always difficult. For many years the best Op Amps have had input noise floors of right around 1 nV/√Hz. This makes any ...

Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...