By the early 1900s, scientists had identified major layers of the atmosphere based on how the temperature changed at different levels above the sea. Thanks to these studies, we now know the five ...

Of the precipitation that reaches the soil, approximately 50-80% will be transpired back into the atmosphere by the vegetation ... leaf and canopy boundary layers, and oaks tend to have thicker ...

Researchers can then use the resulting views to study the temperature, pressure, velocity and magnetic field structure at different layers of the solar atmosphere. “Seeing those first spectral ...

Using this precise method, Zhang and her colleagues could pinpoint at what level in the atmosphere certain layers of the hailstones ... hail typically forms in a temperature “sweet spot ...

"We are excited about the potential applications of these findings in future solar-terrestrial studies, including assessing how different layers of the atmosphere respond to these types of ...