Despite seeming like a relatively stable place, the Earth's surface has changed dramatically over the past 4.6 billion years. Mountains have been built and eroded, continents and oceans have moved ...

Igneous intrusions are a type of rock feature. They form when molten rock cools below the surface of the Earth. Join Isla and Connor as they explore igneous rock landscape features at Traprain Law ...

Mysterious mounds on Mars were formed by ancient water, says a British study. Thousands of mounds and hills in the Red Planet's barren northern plains are full of clay minerals, providing evidence ...

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...

More than 4,000 naturally occurring minerals—inorganic solids that have a characteristic chemical composition and specific crystal structure—have been found on Earth. They are formed of simple ...

In northern Türkiye's Bartın, basalt rocks formed million years ago by the cooling and crystallization of lava from volcanic eruptions ...

Around 700 million years ago, Earth was a frozen, white sphere, its rocky surface buried kilometers under ice. Despite the barren landscape, the evolution of complex life in the oceans was about ...