All elements of the railway track must be able to absorb and transfer all forces resulting from the movements of trains (heavy static pressure plus dynamic impacts), and that from rails to sleepers, ...

Maintaining properly packed and profiled ballast is a continuous and complex process that keeps railroads in top shape. Lack of proper attention to ballast quantity, quality, and drainage can result ...

Railway track engineering is a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the design, construction, and maintenance of rail infrastructure. A critical component of this endeavour is the ballast, which ...