Difference is probably due to the effects of confounding factors or bias; stop here. 3. External validity Examine inclusion and exclusion criteria and characteristics of study participants.

In everyday language, the term validity is typically used to describe something as being trustworthy or legit. It's meaning in psychology suggests something similar—it's all about whether we can trust ...

This is what I here refer to as the standardization fallacy: the increase of reproducibility at the expense of external validity. External validity stands for “how applicable your results are to ...

Only if the conclusion is valid is internal validity assessed; similarly, external validity is assessed only if internal validity is established. This is the decision process recommended by ...