Cause and effect. We understand this concept from an early age. Tug on a pull toy's string, and the toy follows. Naturally, things get much more complicated as a system grows, as the number of ...

Using mathematics to better understand cause and effect. ScienceDaily. Retrieved June 11, 2025 from www.sciencedaily.com / releases / 2024 / 11 / 241101123531.htm. California Institute of Technology.