The nucleus is very small compared to the atom as a whole: as electrons are even smaller, most of an atom is empty space the diameter of a nucleus can be 100,000 times less than the diameter of an ...

Bohr began to work on the problem of the atom's structure. Ernest Rutherford had ... If the atom absorbed energy, the electron jumped to a level further from the nucleus; if it radiated energy ...

They have demonstrated that nuclear polarisation does not impede the study of muonic atoms. It clears a major obstacle that ...

Understanding atom-light interaction in multi-level settings is an extremely difficult ... "We know that including the full ...

The lead isotope known as lead-208 was considered a “double magic” atom because of its subatomic ... and double magic means an extra level of stability, providing resistance against nuclear ...

These spin-born differences in the energy level of an atom are known as hyperfine splitting ... their complementary data on the proton's inner structure to improve calculations of a phenomenon ...