Chautauqua is a city in Chautauqua County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 108. Chautauqua wa…Chautauqua is a city in Chautauqua County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 108. Chautauqua was founded in 1881, and it was incorporated in 1882. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.43 square miles, all of it land.